[Observational Era]

• Covered a period of time from the late 1800's to the mid-1920's.
• Rapid industrial growth, social protest/reform, utopian idealism, the Progressive Movement.
• Practitioners at this time used phrenology, physiognomy, and palmistry for vocational guidance work. (Were discredited due to more scientific approaches)
• During this era sponsorships such as Young Men's Christian Association and Lysander Richards provided vocational guidance to people.

• Frank Parsons: "visionary and architect of vocational guidance"
• Opened the Vocational Bureau in settlement home called the Civic Service House. (Used vocational guidance term for the first time)
• 3 step approach that depended on self-analysis, intuition on behalf of counselor, and physiognomic observations.
• His methods involved 7 steps (pp. 23)

• Mental tests rapidly spread in the 1910's
• First large-scale administration (Army Alpha and Beta tests)
• James Cotell, Hugo Munsterburg, and H.L. Hollinworth among those to advocate for use of these tests.

• Helpful Link
• https://search-proquest-com.iris.etsu.edu:3443/career/docview/219386837/fulltextPDF/2EDBC8D98F6247ABPQ/2?accountid=10771