- LTCC is based on the application of Bandura's social learning theory to career decision making.
Counselors use LTCC to help clients:
- Acquire more accurate self-observation generalizations,
- Auire more accurate worldview generalizations.
- Learn new task approach skills.
- Take appropriate career-related actions.
Four Fundamental Trends:
- People need to expand capabilities/interest, not base decisions on characteristics only.
- Need to prepare for changing work tasks, not assume occupations will remain stable.
- Need to be empowered to take action, not merely by diagnosis.
- Career counselors need to play a major role in dealing with all career problems, not just occupational selection.
Krumboltz divides career development interventions into two categories:
- Developmental and preventive:
- career education programs
- school to work initiatives
- job clubs
- study material
- simulations (ie. job shadowing, internships)
- Targeted and material:
- goal clarification
- cognitive restructuring
- cognitive rehearsal
- narrative analysis
- paradoxical intention
Krumboltz developed the Career Beliefs Inventory (CBI) to help counselors identify problematic client beliefs related to each of the career problem categories. It is based on the rationale that people make career decisions according to what they believe about themselves and the world of work. (most useful when administered at the beginning of career counseling)
- The 5 headings that describe categories of beliefs (designed to help identify self-limiting thought about career options0:
- My current career situation
- What seems necessary for my happiness
- Factors that influence my decisions
- Changes I am willing to make
- Effort I am willing to initiate
Planned Happenstance Theory (Mitchell, Levin, & Krumboltz): describes chance factors or unexpected life events.
- Contrasts with rational planning or matching strategies of career counseling.
- We can prepare for and even create opportunities for unexpected events.
- Career Counselors assist clients in developing 5 skills:
- Curiosity
- Persistence
- Flexibility
- Optimism
- Risk-taking
- Counselor and client interaction that intentionally addresses the role of chance in career development help to normalize such occurrences, help clients see their thematic influence upon their career development, and help clients be increasingly open to noticing and acting upon unplanned events in the future.
Krumboltz recommends reframing indecision to open-mindedness so that clients can view indecision as a desirable quality for motivation to engage in new learning activities.
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